{"id":771,"date":"2025-12-16T13:00:11","date_gmt":"2025-12-16T12:00:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sourcecode-exhibition.softwareheritage.org\/2025\/12\/16\/xmodem-informatique-et-communaute-par-ligne-telephonique\/"},"modified":"2026-03-09T14:20:21","modified_gmt":"2026-03-09T13:20:21","slug":"xmodem-informatique-et-communaute-par-ligne-telephonique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sourcecode-exhibition.softwareheritage.org\/fr\/xmodem-informatique-et-communaute-par-ligne-telephonique\/","title":{"rendered":"XMODEM : Informatique et communaut\u00e9 par ligne t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\/* taille du carr\u00e9 mang\u00e9 *\/|||| padding: calc(2rem + var(–p));|| width: 320px;|| font-family: monospace;|||| clip-path: polygon(|| \/* haut gauche *\/|| 0 0,|| calc(100% – var(–p)) 0,|| calc(100% – var(–p)) var(–p),|| 100% var(–p),|| 100% 100%,|| var(–p) 100%,|| var(–p) calc(100% – var(–p)),|| 0 calc(100% – var(–p))|| );||}\u00a0\u00bb border_color_all=\u00a0\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb]Extrait du MODEM.ASM, 1977 [Domaine public].[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_2″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.5″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text module_class=\u00a0\u00bblegende\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.5″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb text_text_color=\u00a0\u00bb#000000″ text_font_size=\u00a0\u00bb19px\u00a0\u00bb text_line_height=\u00a0\u00bb1.5em\u00a0\u00bb background_color=\u00a0\u00bb#9185BE\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb20px|20px|20px|20px|true|true\u00a0\u00bb hover_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0″ custom_css_free_form=\u00a0\u00bb.legende {|| || –p: 12px; \/* taille du carr\u00e9 mang\u00e9 *\/|||| padding: calc(2rem + var(–p));|| width: 320px;|| font-family: monospace;|||| clip-path: polygon(|| \/* haut gauche *\/|| 0 0,|| calc(100% – var(–p)) 0,|| calc(100% – var(–p)) var(–p),|| 100% var(–p),|| 100% 100%,|| var(–p) 100%,|| var(–p) calc(100% – var(–p)),|| 0 calc(100% – var(–p))|| );||}\u00a0\u00bb border_width_all=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb border_color_all=\u00a0\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb sticky_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0″]<\/p>\n

Ward Christensen est d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 en 2024. Les modems et lignes t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques que faisait cr\u00e9piter son logiciel sont d\u00e9sormais des reliques mais XMODEM perdure. Des microcontr\u00f4leurs aux centres de donn\u00e9es,\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 le \u00ab quick hack<\/em> \u00bb cr\u00e9\u00e9 pour des amis reste le m\u00e9canisme de secours d\u2019Internet, le protocole de dernier recours.<\/p>\n

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\u00c0 propos du code<\/strong><\/h1>\n

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\u00c0 une \u00e9poque o\u00f9 les protocoles de transfert de donn\u00e9es sous-tendent aussi bien le streaming vid\u00e9o que l\u2019informatique cloud, on oublie que la communication en ligne est n\u00e9e d\u2019exp\u00e9rimentations de passionn\u00e9s avec des modems rudimentaires et des lignes t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques.<\/strong><\/p>\n

XMODEM fut l\u2019une de leurs inventions majeures : un protocole permettant de transf\u00e9rer des donn\u00e9es entre ordinateurs via des modems \u00e0 couplage acoustique et des lignes t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques gr\u00e9sillantes. Cr\u00e9\u00e9 en 1977 par Ward Christensen, un amateur de Chicago, et partag\u00e9 librement avec son club informatique, XMODEM devint vite la norme pour l\u2019\u00e9change de fichiers entre utilisateurs de micro-ordinateurs. En moins de 1 000 lignes, le code assembleur d\u00e9coupait les donn\u00e9es en blocs de 128 octets, chacun envoy\u00e9 avec une \u00ab somme de contr\u00f4le \u00bb num\u00e9rique (checksum<\/em>), une astuce permettant de d\u00e9tecter les erreurs et de renvoyer automatiquement les blocs corrompus. Cette m\u00e9thode permit des communications plus rapides et fiables, favorisant la cr\u00e9ation de r\u00e9seaux d\u2019\u00e9change mondiaux.<\/p>\n

Le succ\u00e8s de XMODEM tient autant \u00e0 l\u2019esprit communautaire de Christensen qu\u2019\u00e0 sa technique. Son code \u2013 clair, annot\u00e9 avec humour et ouvert aux modifications \u2013 encourageait collaboration et interop\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 plut\u00f4t que contr\u00f4le commercial. Au milieu des ann\u00e9es 1980, de nombreuses communaut\u00e9s et services \u2013 comme RBBS et CompuServe \u2013 utilisaient XMODEM pour transf\u00e9rer des fichiers. Il devint un \u00e9l\u00e9ment essentiel des r\u00e9seaux citoyens comme FidoNet, acheminant courriels et fichiers \u00e0 travers des milliers de communaut\u00e9s en ligne durant les ann\u00e9es 1980 et 1990.<\/p>\n

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COUPLEUR ACOUSTIQUE<\/p>\n

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Un modem \u00e0 coupleur acoustique \u00e9tait un appareil qui transmettait des donn\u00e9es informatiques via des t\u00e9l\u00e9phones classiques en \u00ab parlant \u00bb par des bips et des tonalit\u00e9s \u00e0 travers le combin\u00e9 \u2013 une solution ing\u00e9nieuse pour un monde ant\u00e9rieur aux lignes t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques num\u00e9riques ou aux connexions haut d\u00e9bit.<\/p>\n

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BIOGRAPHIE<\/strong><\/h1>\n

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Kevin Driscoll est l\u2019auteur de The Modem World: A Prehistory of Social Media<\/em> (Yale University Press, 2022), c le co-auteur de Minitel: <\/em>Welcome to the Internet<\/em> (The MIT Press, 2017), et le co-responsable, avec Julien Mailland, du Minitel Research Lab, USA. Il a grandi en explorant des serveurs t\u00e9l\u00e9matiques locaux et \u00e0 t\u00e9l\u00e9charger des fichiers via XMODEM. Il est professeur associ\u00e9 en \u00e9tudes des m\u00e9dias \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Virginie.<\/p>\n

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#R\u00e9seaux informatiques<\/strong><\/p>\n

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#Pr\u00e9-Internet<\/strong><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.5″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb text_font=\u00a0\u00bb||||||||\u00a0\u00bb text_font_size=\u00a0\u00bb26px\u00a0\u00bb header_font=\u00a0\u00bbEscuela-regular||||||||\u00a0\u00bb header_font_size=\u00a0\u00bb27px\u00a0\u00bb background_color=\u00a0\u00bb#9185BE\u00a0\u00bb width=\u00a0\u00bb79%\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb20px||20px|20px|true|false\u00a0\u00bb border_radii=\u00a0\u00bbon|100px|100px|100px|100px\u00a0\u00bb border_width_all=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb border_color_all=\u00a0\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n

#Communaut\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Extrait du MODEM.ASM, 1977 [Domaine public].Ward Christensen est d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 en 2024. Les modems et lignes t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques que faisait cr\u00e9piter son logiciel sont d\u00e9sormais des reliques mais XMODEM perdure. Des microcontr\u00f4leurs aux centres de donn\u00e9es,\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 le \u00ab quick hack \u00bb cr\u00e9\u00e9 pour des amis reste le m\u00e9canisme de secours d\u2019Internet, le protocole de dernier recours.\u00c0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":770,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[87],"tags":[95,97,96],"class_list":["post-771","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-temoignage-historique","tag-communaute","tag-pre-internet","tag-reseaux-informatiques"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sourcecode-exhibition.softwareheritage.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/771","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sourcecode-exhibition.softwareheritage.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sourcecode-exhibition.softwareheritage.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sourcecode-exhibition.softwareheritage.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sourcecode-exhibition.softwareheritage.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=771"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.sourcecode-exhibition.softwareheritage.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/771\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1690,"href":"https:\/\/www.sourcecode-exhibition.softwareheritage.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/771\/revisions\/1690"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sourcecode-exhibition.softwareheritage.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/770"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sourcecode-exhibition.softwareheritage.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=771"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sourcecode-exhibition.softwareheritage.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=771"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sourcecode-exhibition.softwareheritage.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=771"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}